René Descartes, often regarded as the father of modern philosophy, was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine, France. His contributions to both mathematics and philosophy have left an indelible mark on Western thought. Descartes is best known for his work in rationalism, which emphasizes reason and logical analysis as primary tools for acquiring knowledge.

Descartes' most famous philosophical statement, "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), encapsulates his method of doubt and the quest for certainty. This phrase emerged from his effort to establish a foundation for knowledge that could not be questioned. In his seminal work, "Meditations on First Philosophy," he systematically doubted everything until he reached the undeniable truth of his own existence as a thinking being.

In addition to his philosophical endeavors, Descartes made significant contributions to mathematics. He developed Cartesian geometry, which combines algebra and geometry through the use of coordinates. This innovation laid the groundwork for the development of calculus and modern mathematical analysis. His book "La Géométrie," published in 1637 as part of his larger work "Discourse on Method," introduced the concept of the Cartesian plane, a fundamental tool in mathematics and science.

Descartes' interdisciplinary approach to knowledge influenced countless thinkers across various fields. His emphasis on skepticism and systematic doubt continues to inspire contemporary debates in epistemology and metaphysics. Despite his profound impact, Descartes led a relatively private life, moving frequently between different countries to avoid controversy. He passed away on February 11, 1650, in Stockholm, Sweden.

In summary, René Descartes remains a pivotal figure whose ideas continue to shape our understanding of reality, knowledge, and human thought. His legacy is evident in the enduring relevance of his works and the ongoing discussions they provoke in academic circles worldwide.